过磷酸钙和双氰胺联用减少污泥堆肥温室气体及NH3排放

为研究添加剂过磷酸钙和硝化抑制剂双氰胺联用对脱水污泥高温好氧堆肥氨气和温室气体减排的影响效果,该文以脱水污泥和玉米秸秆为原材料,设置4个堆肥处理分别为:不添加任何添加剂作为对照(CK),只添加3.5%(湿基)过磷酸钙为SP3.5,在添加0.1%双氰胺基础上分别加入3.5%(湿基)过磷酸钙(SD3.5)和5.0%(湿基)过磷酸钙(SD5.0)控制材料,在60 L发酵罐中进行为期34 d好氧高温堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体、氨气排放速率及堆体总有机碳和总氮损失率。结果表明:添加过磷酸钙及硝化抑制剂双氰胺可以促进堆肥腐熟和提高堆肥品质,同时降低堆肥过程中的总氮损失、NH_3排放以及显著减少污泥堆肥总温室气体排放。2种添加剂联合使用使SD3.5和SD5.0处理氮素损失相比于CK处理减少10.92%和13.08%,总温室气体排放量比对照减少65.6%和74.8%。该研究可为污泥堆肥添加剂的选择以及污染气体的减排控制提供参考。     

城市污泥作为边坡植物生长基质的效果分析

【目的】为了研究城市污泥用于边坡植物恢复的技术与效果。【方法】将城市污泥与建筑垃圾按体积比1∶1混配基质,覆盖于模拟的煤矸石边坡上,以田园土坡面为对照,种植臭椿,调查坡面植物生长情况,分析种植基质的理化性状、重金属含量、土壤酶活性等的变化。【结果】试验结果表明:植物生长季结束后,污泥混合基质坡面植物总盖度比对照坡面高30%,臭椿株高比对照高25%;含水量和电导率是对照的2倍和2.7倍,有机质含量是对照的3.6倍,全氮和碱解氮是对照的3.8倍和8倍,全磷和速效磷是对照的6.3倍和11.9倍,全钾和速效钾是对照的1.6倍和5.4倍。根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别是对照的4.7倍、2倍、2.3倍和2.6倍。【结论】可见污泥混合基质保水性好,肥力高,能为植物生长提供充足的养分,而且重金属含量在安全使用范围内,并随着时间的推移呈下降趋势。因此,城市污泥用于边坡生态修复不仅效果良好,而且实现了污泥的资源化和无害化利用。     

连续施用无害化污泥对沙质潮土土壤肥力和微生物学性质的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙质潮土为研究对象,选用经无害化处理后的城市污泥产物,通过2013~2015年田间定位试验,研究了不同城市污泥施用量对土壤肥力的影响,以期为城市污泥资源化利用提供理论基础和技术依据。设置单施化肥(CK)、CK+污泥15 t·hm~(-2)(CS1)、CK+污泥30 t·hm~(-2)(CS2)和CK+污泥45 t·hm~(-2)(CS3)共4个处理。主要研究结果如下:(1)连续定位试验结果表明,同一施用量污泥处理的土壤p H值随施用时间的增加呈下降趋势;土壤有机质(SOM)和养分含量如全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)随施用时间的增长呈上升趋势;(2)与CK比较,在2015年玉米季施用污泥各处理的土壤p H值显著降低了0.34~0.83个单位(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈反比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)下降最多;土壤SOM、TN、AP和AK分别显著提高了52.1%~166.9%、77.3%~177.8%、215.7%~486.3%和167.2%~379.0%(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,以高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2)效果最显著;(3)试验所用污泥施用量范围内不会造成土壤和植物籽粒重金属污染,能够保持土壤环境健康;(4)与CK比较,施用污泥各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量均显著提高(P0.05),且与污泥施用量呈正比,并且季节不同也显著影响土壤MBC、MBN含量(P0.05);施用污泥能够显著提高土壤MBC/MBN(P0.05),说明施用污泥能够改变土壤微生物群落组成;(5)施用污泥,尤其是高施量污泥45 t·hm~(-2),在保证土壤和植物籽粒质量安全下,其土壤培肥效果最优。     

不同施用方式下酸性土坡地污泥氮素随径流迁移的研究

研究了以撒施和穴施方式施用于酸性赤红壤坡地上的污泥氮素在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。试验结果表明,污泥撒施后24 h径流中TN、TDN、TPN和NH4 -N的浓度和流失量最高,其中TN浓度为57.0 mg/L,TN流失量为1 086.5 mg/m2,占撒施TN累积流失量的70.6%,分别是穴施对应峰值的6.0倍和2.4倍,此后浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。穴施径流中氮素及撒施NO3--N浓度与流失量则呈先上升后逐渐下降趋势。撒施和穴施TDN/TN累积流失量分别为38.7%和65.0%,NH4 -N是TDN流失的主要形式(≥55.7%)。控制颗粒物流失是防止氮流失的重要内容,此外,污泥氮素在土壤中的转化及污泥对坡地土壤理化性状的改变均影响着径流中氮的迁移。     

Biotic strategies to increase plant availability of sewage sludge ash phosphorus

Sewage sludge incineration‐ash (FB‐I) represents a potential alternative phosphorus (P) fertiliser with a high concentration of P, although with relatively low crop availability. In this study, we investigated two P‐solubilisation approaches (acidification and P mobilisation by citrate) to enhance plant P uptake from the FB‐I ash in a pot study by using various biotic strategies: (1) a pre‐treatment of ash with a Penicillium bilaiae inoculum, (2) an isogenic line of wheat that excretes citrate from the root tip, (3) nitrogen (N) provided as combined with nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). All strategies were tested combined with each other and with different methods for ash application: (1) completely mixed within the top one third of soil in a pot, or (2) applied as distinct band at 10 cm depth. Triple super phosphate (TSP) at a rate of 15 mg P kg^?1 soil per pot was sufficient to support maximum shoot growth. Ash mixed into the first top third part of soil in the pot at a rate of 180 mg P kg^?1 soil (equivalent to 60 mg P kg^?1 soil throughout the pot) significantly increased the soil water‐extractable P and the subsequent shoot P uptake and shoot biomass for both wheat lines and microbial pre‐treatment to support maximum plant performance. Shoot P concentration in these treatments was further enhanced when the plants received and DCD, although not leading to a significant increase in shoot biomass. The citrate secretion by the root tips and pre‐inoculation with P. bilaiae of the ash did not influence plant growth. In conclusion, root‐zone soil acidification by nutrition is regarded as a promising strategy to improve the fertilising effect of such alternative P fertilisers originating from urban waste streams.     

阿胶生产废水处理工程设计与运行

采用气浮-水解酸化-缺氧-好氧活性污泥法组合工艺处理了阿胶生产废水,处理规模120m^3/d,原水COD1800mg/L、BOD5800mg/L、NH3-N50mg/L,SS800mg/L,处理后出水水质满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)表4规定的一级排放标准,即COD≤100mg/L、BOD5≤20mg/L、NH3-N≤15mg/L、SS≤70mg/L。该工艺运行稳定,处理费用低、管理方便、操作容易、无二次污染产生。     

造纸废水UMIC反应器中微生物的纵向分布特性

为探明造纸废水UMIC反应器中微生物的纵向分布特性,试验应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析和比较了不同高度反应器中的微生物群落结构及多样性。微生物多样性分析表明,在UMIC反应器中,细菌的多样性要高于古菌,且在反应器7.5 m处微生物多样性最高。反应器的顶部拟杆菌门微生物分布较多,而绿弯菌门微生物分布较少。厚壁菌门在反应器中分布较为均匀;在UMIC反应器的1m处,Euryarchaeota丰度相对较低,而Bathyarchaeota丰度相对较高。在5 m和10 m处,Euryarchaeota占绝对优势。     

Labile water soluble components govern the short-term microbial decay of hydrochar from sewage sludge

Due to higher proportions of labile carbon (C) compounds the suitability of biochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for C sequestration is questionable. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with water would reduce the biological decay of hydrochar from sewage sludge. Unwashed and washed feedstock and hydrochar were incubated in a short-term experiment. The kinetics of the biological decomposition of the materials was calculated on the basis of a double exponential model and the C sequestration potential using the CANDY Carbon Balance (CCB) model. Biological decomposition of the carbonized materials was governed by the percentage of labile C compounds. Mean residence time of a fast (MRT_fast) and slow decay pool (MRT_slow) of unwashed hydrochars varied clearly (MRT_fast: 0.8 – 5.0 months and the MRT_slow: 5.0–18.6 months). The pre-treatment with water removed labile hydrochar C and reduced the biological accessibility. MRT_fast and MRT_slow was increased by intensive washings (MRT_fast: 5.0–7.4 months and the MRT_slow: 14.9 months). High synthesis coefficients suggest that hydrochar C was humified and transferred into stabilized SOC. The results clearly show that once adsorbed components were eliminated, and as compared to pyrolysed biochar hydrochar from sewage sludge may also be useful for soil C sequestration.     

Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/maize system with long-term sewage sludge amendments

A long-term field experiment was carried out with a wheat-maize rotation system to investigate the accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a calcareous soil at different rates of sewage sludge amendment. There are significant linear correlations between the contents of Hg, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in soil and sewage sludge amendment rates. By increasing 1 ton of applied sludge per hectare per year in soil, the contents of Hg, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in soil increased by 6.20, 619, 92.9, 49.2, and 0.500 μg kg–1, respectively. For Hg, sewage sludge could be safely applied to the soil for 18 years at an application rate of 7.5 t ha–1 before content exceeded the soil environmental quality standards in China(1 mg kg–1). The safe application period for Zn is 51 years and is even longer for other heavy metals(112 years for Cu, 224 years for Cd, and 902 years for Pb) at an application rate of 7.5 t ha–1 sewage sludge. The contents of Zn and Ni in wheat grains and Zn, Cu, and Cr in maize grains increased linearly with increasing sewage sludge amendment rates. The contents of Zn, Cr, and Ni in wheat straws and Zn, Cu, and As in maize straws were positively correlated with sewage sludge amendment rates, while the content of Cu in wheat straws and Cr in maize straws showed the opposite trend. The bioconcentration factors of the heavy metals in wheat and maize grains were found to be in the order of ZnCuCdHgCr=NiPbAs. Furthermore, the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals in wheat were greater than those in maize, indicating that wheat is more sensitive than maize as an indicator plant. These results will be helpful in developing the critical loads for sewage sludge amendment in calcareous soils.     

Effects of ozone-treated domestic sludge on hydroponic lettuce growth and nutrition

Here, the ozone-treated domestic sludge was diluted up to four different multiples and utilized as a nutritional source for hydroponic lettuce growth. Additionally, lettuce was cultured using the modified Hoagland nutrient solution as a control. The effects of ozone-treated domestic sludge on lettuce growth and nutrition were studied. Results showed that the lettuce treated with modified Hoagland inorganic nutrient solution had increased leaf number, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight compared to those treated with the ozone-treated domestic sludge dilution (P<0.05). However, the lettuce cultivated with the 2-fold ozone-treated sludge dilution showed significantly higher (P<0.05) contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and ascorbic acid (Vc) compared to that treated with modified Hoagland nutrient solution. And the nitrate concentration in the lettuce cultured with the 2-fold ozone-treated sludge dilution was 53.93% less than that cultured with the modified Hoagland nutrient solution, which was a significant improvement (P<0.05). This study suggested that the 2-fold ozone-treated sludge dilution is optimal for lettuce hydroponic nutrient requirements.